Commonly used refrigerants are carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ammonia, freon11, freon12 and cryogenic refrigerants. Thermodynamic properties of duponttm freonr 22 refrigerant. Properties of commonly used refrigerants a refrigerant is a substance or mixture. Pressure table 958 table a12e properties of superheated refrigerant 4a vapor 959 table ae properties of saturated ammonia liquidvapor. Pdf refrigerant types, issues, trends and future options. A comparative study of water as a refrigerant with some. Properties of superheated refrigerant 4a vapor 945. The refrigerant in any refrigerator or air conditioner flows continuously through the vapor compression cycle, absorbing the heat in the evaporator and releasing it in the condenser.
Usually, a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration cycle that can extract heat from another body or substance. Properties of r717 anhydrous ammonia foreword r717 is a pure working fluid used in many refrigeration systems. Shannon2 these tables of aqua ammonia make available com plete and accessible tabulations, in the english lan. Ammonia specific heat at varying temperature and pressure. A comparison between refrigerants used in air conditioning. The refrigerants have a thermodynamic property chart on pressureenthalpy coordinates with an abbreviated set of tabular data for saturated liquid and vapor on the faci ng page. A comparison between refrigerants used in air conditioning derya ozkan, ozden agra and ozlem cetin university of yildiz technical university, turkey corresponding email. However, ammonia does exhibit a unique refrigerant characteristic due to its irritating odor. When inhaled suddenly, it brings tears into the eyes. Refrigerant grade anhydrous ammonia is a clear, colorless liquid or gas, free from visible impurities. R143a, r152a, r717 ammonia, and r744 carbon dioxide and refrigerant blends r404a, r 407c, r410a, and r507 conform to isodis draft standard 17584, refrigerant properties. Pdf ammoniawater mixtures have been used as working fluids in absorptionrefrigeration cycles for several decades. The flood of the airconditioner, that is, the refrigerants, their properties, merits and demerits are summarized to map the various types and their classifications.
In the last two centuries, human ingenuity made it. The drawbacks of ammonia as refrigerant are toxicity to humans and aquatic life an ammonia release indoors can result in an explosion ammonia corrodes certain metals. In many countries the cost of ammonia per kg is considerably lower than the cost of hfcs. Calculation of properties of nh3h2o refrigerant, and modeling of absorption refrigeration systems gyula kramer1, zoltan simenfalvi2, gabor l. Thermodynamic properties of saturated and superheated ammonia r717 specific volume, enthalpy and entropy. Solutions of ammonia mixed with water, called aquaammonia refrigerants, are often used in many absorption refrigeration systems. Thermodynamic properties of ammonia as an ideal gas nist page. Anhydrous ammonia is the liquid form of pure ammonia gas, technically waterfree, and the substance used universally as an industrial refrigerant. Solutions of ammonia mixed with water, called aquaammonia refrigerants, are. The refrigerants have a thermodynamic property charge. Table a11e properties of saturated refrigerant 4a liquidvapor.
Ammonia is renowned for its favorable thermodynamic properties. Policylegislation on fgases and alternatives two environmental frameworks one goal the montreal protocol and the kyoto protocol. Desirable properties and commonly used refrigerants. Ammonia nh 3 is a wellknown refrigerant, particularly applicable in large, industrial plants where its advantages can be fully utilized without compromising safety.
Several incidents have occurred in ammonia refrigeration facilities but well designed and maintained facilities have good safety records 3. Features resource data essential for the safe and efficient operation of any ammonia refrigeration facility. In the vibrational ground state ammonia is a pyram idal molecule withthe nitrogen atom approximately. Pdf thermodynamics properties table suddiyas nawaz.
Volkmar hasse, gtz proklima, germany preface volkmar hasse, gtz proklima i. See also other properties of ammonia at varying temperature and pressure. On the other hand, anhydrous ammonia is essentially pure over 99 percent ammonia. Physical properties, chemical properties and uses of ammonia. It is also the only refrigerant outside the halocarbons group. Globally, there is a growing interest in ammonia as a refrigerant, both by itself, and in cascade refrigeration systems with carbon dioxide and other secondary system designs. Installation of closedcircuit ammonia refrigeration systems american national standard for ansiiiar 42015. Ammonia is an inorganic compound composed of a single nitrogen atom covalently bonded to three hydrogen atoms that is an amidase inhibitor and neurotoxin. Additional information regarding the properties of ammonia is published in the iiar ammonia data book. In spite of that, we can state certain desirable properties that a refrigerant should posses.
Ammonia is environmentally benign, having zero gwp and zero odp. Regulatory oversight on cfc, hcfc, and other synthetic refrigerants, have refocused attention on ammonia to. Thermal properties of liquid ammonia at saturation pressure. This advantage is even multiplied by the fact that ammonia has a lower density in liquid phase. Refrigerants and their application presented by thomas e. Contains a revised chapter on us regulatory requirements for ammonia and other valuable compliance information about federal regulations, such as. R717 has some different chemical properties than fluorocarbon refrigerants, being flammable, toxic and corrosive. Pdf ammoniawater mixture is a working fluid used in kalina cycle system kcs and vapour absorption refrigeration var plants.
Because of ammonias widespread use as a refrigerant, comprehensive tables of thermodynamic properties are frequently needed by. Anhydrous ammonia is widely used in industrial refrigeration applications and hockey rinks because of its high energy efficiency and low cost. Solutions of ammonia mixed with water, called aqua ammonia refrigerants, are often used in many absorption refrigeration systems. For thermodynamics and fluid mechanics problems, values of entropy, specific heat energy etc must be known for various fluids and their value can easily be obtained from these tables. Refrigerant 717 ammonia properties of saturated liquid and saturated vapor. Physical properties, chemical properties and uses of ammonia physical properties of ammonia. Therefore the handling and use of r717 requires adequate safety measures. These properties can be divided into favourable thermodynamic, chemical and physical properties. Ammonia nh 3 is a wellknown refrigerant, particularly applicable in large, industrial plants where its advantages can be fully utilized without compromising safety ammonia is renowned for its favorable thermodynamic properties. Natural refrigerants sustainable ozone and climatefriendly alternatives to hcfcs introduction dr. Comparison of environmental impacts and physical properties of refrigerants ko matsunaga executive summary even before the invention of refrigeration, people wanted to improve their life by using ice to provide cold drinks and preserve food.
This section presents data for the thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants, arranged for the occasional users. Ammonia gas used as a refrigerant in refrigeration system. Restrictions on cfc, hcfc and many hfc refrigerants have refocused. Thermophysical properties of refrigerants t his chapter presents data for thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants, arra nged for the occasional user. It has a pungent odor with and an alkaline or soapy taste. Table a1 molar mass, gas constant, and criticalpoint properties table a2 idealgas specific heats of various common gases table a3 properties of common liquids, solids, and foods table a4 saturated watertemperature table table a5 saturated waterpressure table table a6 superheated water table a7 compressed liquid water table a8 saturated icewater vapor. As such, there is no refrigerant that can be advantageously used under all operating conditions and in all types of refrigeration systems. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. These physical properties of refrigerants help us select the proper refrigerant for the application as per our requirement. Our highly experienced experts are available to provide advice on how to handle and use our products in the safest way. Revisiting flammable refrigerants a replacement for ammonia refrigerant in the 1920s.
We can offer product meeting iiar andor ashrae specifications in a range of cylinders and drum tanks to suit all applications. Reference states used for most refr igerants correspo nd to the international convention of. Ammonia is an efficient and popular refrigerant due to its superior thermodynamic properties and low cost. Specific volume v, specific internal energy u, enthalpy h, and entropy s of saturated and superheated ammonia nh 3 also known as refrigerant 717.
Szepesi2 1phd student, 2associate professor, head of department, 3associate professor university of miskolc, institute of energy and chemical machinery, department of chemical machinery, miskolc, hungary. In some applications it may be necessary to consider other properties of the refrigerant, such as its interaction with the process fluid in the event of a pinhole leak. Nh 3 ammonia as alternative refrigerant r723 nh 3dme as an alternative to nh 3 r290 propane as alternative refrigerant propylene r1270 as an alternative to propane carbon dioxide r744 co 2 as an alternative refrigerant and secondary fluid refrigerants for special applications lubricants for compressors refrigerant properties. The safety aspects of ammonia plants are well known, and there is a reason to expect a continued increase in the use of ammonia as a long as refrigerant exists.
Properties of refrigerants n low boiling point and high latent heat of vaporization n dense vapor n low toxicity n non flammable n low miscibility with oil n low cost ammonia n has good heat transfer properties n not miscible with oil n but n toxic n flammable n. Jun 02, 2019 properties of commonly used refrigerants a refrigerant is a substance or mixture. Find the properties at point 4, the pressure drop across the expansion device, the quality of the refrigerant and properties at point 1. Fellow ashrae mcquay international staunton, virginia usa 1 what is a refrigerant.
The most important physical properties of anhydrous ammonia are. The general conclusion of the thesis is that the refrigerant affects all of the measured properties negatively on the subject of lubrication and life of the rolling element bearing. Ammonia azane 1 or r717 was among the early refrigerants, first used in 1850 in france2. This model is based on helmholtz energies for each of the mixture components, and it is the approach used in the nist refprop refrigerant property database lemmon et al. A summary of general and environmental properties of refrigerants is given in the icheme guide and more detailed information in the ashrae handbooks. Because of ammonia s vaporization properties, it is a useful refrigerant. Ammonia, the refrigerant ammonia refrigeration, the technology how is ammonia different compared to other refrigerants. Table a16 properties of the atmosphere at high altitude table a17 idealgas properties of air table a18 idealgas properties of nitrogen, n 2 table a19 idealgas properties of oxygen, o 2 table a20 idealgas properties of carbon dioxide, co 2 table a21 idealgas properties of carbon monoxide, co table a22 idealgas. This refrigerant was introduced commercially in the early 1960s for low temperature applications and is particularly suitable for hermetic compressors. Technical information at22 thermodynamic properties of dupontz freon. Kessler, senior process safety engineer introduction. Policylegislation on fgases and alternatives two environmental frameworks.
Most of these refrigerants are flammable, toxic or both, and are therefore harmful for humans. In furniture industry, as a cleansing agent for furniture and glass. Oshas process safety management program psm and epas risk management program rmp are mandatory for large facilities using ammonia as refrigerant 2. Refrigeration n changes phase due to change in pressure n most common cryogens are n solid carbon dioxide n liquid carbon cook chill systems n used to replace warm holding of foods n cook chill system. This article describes thermodynamic properties of the refrigerants the ideal refrigerant. Nh 3ammonia as alternative refrigerant r723 nh 3dme as an alternative to nh 3 r290 propane as alternative refrigerant propylene r1270 as an alternative to propane carbon dioxide r744 co 2 as an alternative refrigerant and secondary fluid refrigerants for special applications lubricants for compressors refrigerant properties. It was commonly used before the popularisation of chlorofluorocarbons freons. It is both manufactured and produced naturally from bacterial processes and the breakdown of organic matter. It has remained the main refrigerant used in industrial refrigeration systems because of its superior thermodynamic properties and low cost. Ammonia or r717 is amongst the oldest of all the refrigerants and still used widely in the refrigeration applications.
Water cannot have a content above 33 parts per million ppm and oil cannot have a content above 2 ppm. Anhydrous ammonia as a refrigerant where is ammonia used as a refrigerant. May 28, 2018 the safety aspects of ammonia plants are well known, and there is a reason to expect a continued increase in the use of ammonia as a long as refrigerant exists. Closedcircuit refrigeration systems utilizing ammonia as the refrigerant and overpressure device piping when used in conjunction with a closedcircuit ammonia mechanical refrigeration system shall comply with this standard. American national standard for ansiiiar 42015 installation. Enthalpy values for subcooled liquid can also be read from these tables. A similar comparison of mixture models reported by annex 18 facilitated the dissemination and adoption of a new mixture modelling approach. Specific volume v, specific internal energy u, enthalpy h, and entropy s of saturated and superheated ammonia nh3 also known as refrigerant 717.
This blend refrigerant is similar to r401a except, it is higher in r22. This document is a standard for the installation of closedcircuit ammonia mechanical refrigeration systems and. Ammonia has highest refrigerating capacity per pound of any refrigerant and number of other excellent thermal properties that makes it popular for a number of refrigeration applications. Tablet of the propertie of aqua ammonia solutiont by burgess h. In a wide range of applications, it outperforms synthetic refrigerants. Pdf thermodynamic properties of ammoniawater mixtures for. Agriculture other refrigerant annual us consumption in 2012 was 14. Density and specific weight, dynamic and kinematic viscosity, prandtl number, properties at gasliquid equilibrium pressure, specific heat heat capacity and thermal conductivity, and thermophysical properties at standard conditions and vapour pressure at gasliquid. The linde group offers high quality refrigerant ammonia. Temperature table 962 table a14e properties of saturated ammonia liquidvapor.
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